Our feet and ankles support the entire weight of our bodies and keep us mobile every day. It’s no surprise, then, that injuries or chronic conditions affecting this area can quickly lead to pain, reduced function, and long-term complications if left untreated. Below, we explore some of the most common foot and ankle conditions, along with their diagnosis, treatment, and when specialist care from a foot and ankle surgeon may be necessary.

Ankle Sprains: More Than Just a Twist

Ankle sprains are among the most common injuries seen in both active individuals and the general population. They occur when the ligaments that stabilize the ankle joint are overstretched or torn, typically due to a sudden twist or fall.

Sprains are classified by severity:

  • Grade I: Mild stretching with minimal swelling.
  • Grade II: Partial ligament tear with more significant swelling and bruising.
  • Grade III: Complete ligament tear resulting in instability.

Treatment ranges from rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) for mild sprains to bracing and physical therapy for moderate cases. Severe or recurrent sprains may require surgical repair, typically performed by a foot and ankle surgeon to restore stability and prevent chronic pain.

Plantar Fasciitis: The Heel Pain That Lingers

Plantar fasciitis is a leading cause of heel pain, caused by inflammation of the thick band of tissue (the plantar fascia) running along the bottom of the foot. The pain is often sharpest with the first steps in the morning or after long periods of rest.

Conservative treatment includes:

  • Stretching exercises
  • Orthotic support
  • Anti-inflammatory medications
  • Activity modification

When symptoms persist despite conservative care, more advanced interventions such as corticosteroid injections, shockwave therapy, or surgical release may be recommended. These procedures are typically performed by foot and ankle specialists with experience in complex soft tissue disorders.

Bunions: More Than a Cosmetic Concern

A bunion is a bony bump that forms at the base of the big toe, often pushing the toe out of alignment. It can develop due to genetic predisposition, arthritis, or prolonged wear of tight or ill-fitting shoes.

Symptoms include:

  • Visible deformity at the big toe joint
  • Pain and inflammation
  • Difficulty wearing certain shoes

Treatment initially focuses on non-surgical measures, including wider footwear, protective padding, and pain management. However, in cases where the bunion affects mobility or causes chronic discomfort, surgical correction may be needed. A foot and ankle surgeon typically performs this type of realignment surgery to ensure proper joint restoration and long-term function.

Achilles Tendonitis and Rupture

The Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscles to the heel bone, is susceptible to overuse injuries such as tendinitis, as well as acute injuries like a complete rupture.

  • Tendonitis typically presents as aching or stiffness at the back of the heel, particularly after physical activity.
  • Rupture typically occurs during sudden movement or physical activity, accompanied by a sharp pain or a popping sound.

Initial treatment for tendonitis typically includes rest, stretching exercises, and physical therapy. A rupture, however, may require immobilization or surgical repair, depending on the severity and the patient’s activity level. Foot and ankle surgeons often perform these procedures, particularly in athletes or individuals looking for faster recovery and a return to high levels of activity.

Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Silent Threat

People with diabetes are at higher risk of developing foot ulcers due to poor circulation and reduced nerve sensation (neuropathy). Even a small cut or blister can progress to a serious wound without proper care.

The key to managing diabetic foot ulcers is:

  • Regular foot inspections
  • Proper footwear
  • Wound care and infection control

In more severe cases, surgical debridement or reconstructive procedures may be necessary to save the affected limb. Foot and ankle specialists play a vital role in both prevention and advanced management, particularly when ulcers become resistant to healing or lead to deeper tissue damage.

Ankle Arthritis: When Movement Becomes Painful

Arthritis in the ankle can cause chronic pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. It may result from wear and tear (osteoarthritis), past injuries, or autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

Common symptoms include:

  • Joint swelling
  • Pain during activity
  • Limited range of motion

Initial treatment usually involves lifestyle modifications, anti-inflammatory medications, and bracing. If symptoms persist or worsen, options like joint debridement, fusion, or ankle replacement may be discussed. A foot and ankle surgeon can guide patients through the most suitable surgical solution, tailored to their age, lifestyle, and degree of joint damage.

When to See a Foot and Ankle Specialist

While many foot and ankle problems can be treated conservatively, certain situations call for more advanced care. Consulting a foot and ankle surgeon is often recommended when:

  • Pain persists despite rest and medication
  • There is a structural deformity or instability
  • Mobility is significantly affected
  • A tendon rupture, ulcer, or fracture occurs
  • Surgery may be needed to restore full function

These specialists are trained to offer both non-invasive treatments and surgical interventions, ensuring patients receive comprehensive care tailored to their condition.

Conclusion

From sports injuries to chronic conditions like arthritis and diabetic ulcers, foot and ankle issues are common but highly treatable. Timely diagnosis, appropriate care, and knowing when to involve a foot and ankle surgeon can make all the difference in achieving long-term relief and restoring mobility. If you’re experiencing persistent pain or changes in how you walk, it may be time to seek expert advice — your feet will thank you.